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Hexagram 15: Qian (谦) — Modesty

Hexagram 15, Qian (谦) — Modesty, is the fifteenth figure of the I Ching, composed of the Earth trigram over the Mountain trigram; the ancients read it as greatness that stoops low.

Meaning

Qian is the hexagram of humility. A mountain stands beneath the earth, its height bowed under the level ground, and the old readers saw the strongest, most solid thing willingly taking the lowest place. The judgment is among the book's warmest: modesty creates success. Unlike almost every other figure, its every line speaks well — the ancients held that humility is the one virtue the world reliably rewards, because it asks nothing and offends no one.

Turned toward work and standing, the figure is about the strength that does not need to display itself. The lines praise the man modest about his modesty, the man of modesty and merit who carries things through. The commentators' point was that true humility is not self-deprecation but accuracy — seeing one's own worth clearly and still choosing the low place. It is the virtue of the person who has nothing to prove because he has already done the work.

For the bonds between people, Qian was read as the temper that keeps pride from spoiling them. The fifth line — no boasting of wealth before one's neighbour — was the ancients' plain warning against the display that turns friends into rivals. Humility, in this reading, is not a posture for the world but a practice among equals: the daily choice not to make another person feel small so that one may feel large.

Within a cycle, this figure marks a phase when restraint outranks display. The image of the mountain beneath the earth is the book's picture of height that has learned to bow — and in bowing, to endure. The counsel is to let achievement speak quietly, to take the lower seat, and to trust that what is solid needs no advertisement. Of all the hexagrams, the ancients thought this one carried its reward within itself.

The Judgment

“Modesty creates success. The superior man carries things through.”

The Six Lines of Modesty

Line 1A superior man modest about his modesty may cross the great water. Good fortune.
Line 2Modesty that comes to expression. Perseverance brings good fortune.
Line 3A superior man of modesty and merit carries things to conclusion. Good fortune.
Line 4Nothing that would not further modesty in movement.
Line 5No boasting of wealth before one's neighbor. It furthers one to attack with force.
Line 6Modesty that comes to expression. It furthers one to set armies marching.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Which trigrams build Hexagram 15?
Qian (谦) sets the Earth trigram (Kun, 坤) above the Mountain trigram (Gen, 艮). A mountain bowing beneath the level earth was the ancients' image of the strongest thing willingly taking the lowest place — the source of the meaning of modesty.
Why is every line of Hexagram 15 favourable?
The judgment reads: 'Modesty creates success. The superior man carries things through.' The old commentaries note that this is one of the few hexagrams with no inauspicious line — they held that humility is the virtue the world reliably rewards, because it asks nothing and gives offense to no one.
What is meant by modesty about one's modesty?
The first line, 'A superior man modest about his modesty,' was read as the highest form of the virtue. The commentators explained that even humility can be displayed, and the truest modesty is the one that does not know it is being modest — the natural stooping of real greatness.

Related

Source: Judgment and line texts follow the Wilhelm/Baynes rendering of the Yijing.

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