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Hexagram 47: Kun (困) — Oppression

Hexagram 47, Kun (困) — Oppression, is the forty-seventh figure of the Book of Changes, composed of the Lake trigram over the Water trigram; the ancients read it as a spirit hemmed in yet still unbroken.

Meaning

Kun is the hexagram of being pressed upon. A lake stands above water, and the old readers saw the lake already drained, the water below it fallen away — a person or a house cut off from what once nourished it. The judgment says outright that the great man brings about good fortune, and the commentators took this as the whole point: oppression can exhaust the body and empty the purse, but it cannot reach the inner life unless the person lets it. The man of character stays cheerful within, and the hardship loses its sting.

Measured against the working life, the figure is frank about what hardship does to a livelihood. The lines move through a man oppressed at meat and drink, oppressed in a golden carriage, oppressed by stone and thorns — every shape that constraint can take. The old readers did not promise a quick escape. Their counsel was that the one who endures without souring, who keeps his word even when it costs him, is the one the judgment calls great. Oppression tests whether a person's decency is for fair weather only.

For bonds between people, Kun was read as the strain of difficult times. The third line — a man enters his house and does not see his wife — was the commentators' image of hardship so heavy it makes even the nearest person invisible. Yet the same figure holds a quieter teaching: when the tongue fails, it is the inner steadiness of each person that keeps the tie from snapping. Shared difficulty either wears a bond down or proves it, and the ancients thought the difference lay in whether the two could still meet each other's eyes.

Within a cycle, Kun marks a phase of depletion that asks for patience rather than struggle. It is the season when effort seems to yield nothing and the wise course is to sit still and keep faith. The image of the lake over water, both spent, is the book's picture of a low ebb that will turn in its own time. The counsel is not to claw at the walls but to let the inner resources — speech, integrity, composure — carry the person through until the pressure lifts.

The Judgment

“Oppression. Success. Perseverance. The great man brings about good fortune. No blame.”

The Six Lines of Oppression

Line 1One sits oppressed under a bare tree and strays into a gloomy valley. For three years one sees nothing.
Line 2One is oppressed while at meat and drink. The man with the scarlet knee bands is just coming.
Line 3A man permits himself to be oppressed by stone, and leans on thorns and thistles. He enters his house and does not see his wife. Misfortune.
Line 4He comes very quietly, oppressed in a golden carriage. Humiliation, but the end is reached.
Line 5His nose and feet are cut off. Oppression at the hands of the man with the purple knee bands.
Line 6He is oppressed by creeping vines. He moves uncertainly and says, 'Movement brings remorse.'

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Frequently Asked Questions

Which trigrams build Hexagram 47?
Kun (困) places the Lake trigram (Dui, 兑) above the Water trigram (Kan, 坎). A lake already drained, with its water fallen away beneath it, was the ancients' image of a person cut off from nourishment — the visual root of the meaning of oppression.
What does the judgment of Hexagram 47 say?
It reads: 'Oppression. Success. Perseverance. The great man brings about good fortune. No blame.' The old commentaries explain that oppression brings success only through steadfastness — the great man, keeping his inner composure when circumstances close in, turns a trial into a proof of character.
Why does Hexagram 47 speak of a man not seeing his wife?
The third line, 'He enters his house and does not see his wife,' was read as the cost hardship exacts on the closest bonds. The commentators saw in it a warning that pressing difficulty can make a person blind to those nearest him — the very people whose presence is the best stay against it.

Related

Source: Judgment and line texts follow the Wilhelm/Baynes rendering of the Yijing.

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